Bladder stones develop as hard mineral accumulations that form inside the bladder because of highly concentrated urine infections or medical illnesses.

Kidney stones are solid deposits made of crystals that develop in the kidneys and can cause considerable pain and urinary problems. Prevention of the development of kidney stones depends on the knowledge of the reasons that cause it to happen.

A radical nephrectomy is a surgical procedure to take out the whole kidney for either renal disease renal failure or kidney cancer. In contrast to partial nephrectomy, in which a less invasive treatment is performed by only removing the diseased area rather than the entire organ, radical nephrectomy is conducted by removing the entire organ, to prevent the disease from spreading.

Spermatic cord twists causing reduced blood flow to the testicle is called testicular torsion, which is a medical emergency. From the testicular torsion specialists, quick action is needed to avoid any damage that may eventually lead to terminality.